（下篇）

分享人：黄伟文

引子：城市四十不惑了吗？

Introduction: No confuses any more when city at forty?

深圳第三个十年我重点评价本地村民的自发建设行为。

In the third decade of Shenzhen, I focused on the informal construction behavior of local villagers.

深圳约2000平方公里范围，按土地条件及耕作半径，分布着1200多个村落。当城市建设征用农村土地时会返还一定比例可建设土地由村集体开发，农民也可以按男丁分配新宅基地。这些旧村、新村民社区和集体物业为新的城市建设所包围，被称作城中村。

Shenzhen covers an area of about 2,000 square kilometers, with more than 1,200 villages distributed according to land conditions and farming radius. When urban construction requisitions rural land, a certain percentage of constructible land will be returned for collective development by the village, and villagers can also allocate new plots according to males. These old and new village neighborhood and collective properties are surrounded by new urban construction and are called urban villages.

村庄分布与村民的耕作范围

The Distribution of the Villages and Villager’s Farming Range    

相比较有规划的地区的高大和整齐，村民自发建设的城中村显得杂乱和密集。相对于有规划的地区，城中村空间肌理也明显更加微小。

Compared with the tall and tidy areas under planning, the urban villages constructed informally by the villagers appear messy and dense. Compared with planned areas, the spatial fabric of urban villages is significantly smaller and denser.

形成城中村（主要是新村部分）的机制是：每户宅基地单元尺寸最普遍为10x10米的方块，按均匀间距（3-8米）排列，最初为2层半的带围墙小院的小楼，后来不断拆建加高（最高到20层）和加密（留1-3米间距），通俗称作握手楼或亲嘴楼。

The mechanism for the formation of urban villages (mainly new villages) is: the most common size of each household’s homestead unit is a square of 10x10 meters, arranged at even intervals (3-8 meters), initially a two-and-a-half-story small building with a walled courtyard, it continued to be demolished, built, heightened (up to 20 floors) and expanded (with a distance of 1-3 meters), and it was commonly called the handshake building or the kiss building.

城中村的宅基地单元尺寸、组合方式及不断拆建加高和加密的演变机制

The size and constitution of plot in urban village, as well as the evolution mechanism of continuous demolition and expansion, heightening and densify.

均匀分布的城中村，为深圳一半人口提供了可承担的保障性住宅，弥补了正规规划对外来人口居住需求的结构性盲区和滞后问题。

The evenly distributed urban villages provide affordable housing for half of Shenzhen’s population, remedying the structural blind spots and lagging problems in the formal planning and construction for the needs of the migrant population.

城中村和保障性住房范围的分布

The Distribution of the Urban Villages and Low Class Housing Service Range    

这是深圳第三个十年的官方大事叙述在六维上的分布比例。

This is the six-dimensional distribution of the official narratives of major events in the third decade of Shenzhen.

在第三个十年，深圳开始引进基于形式和公共空间的街区城市设计方法；城中村迅速扩张以便为不断增长的一半城市人口提供保障房；商业房地产也飞速发展，包括房价也开始飞涨；深圳市规划局被单独设立，可以专心推动城市规划，出现了一段规划管理创新的黄金时段（2004-2010）；在这一阶段，生态控制线被历史性地制定出来；专门讨论城市问题的深港城市\建筑双城双年展也被历史性地创办出来。

In the third decade, Shenzhen began to introduce urban design methods based on form and public space; urban villages expanded rapidly to provide affordable housing for the growing half of the urban population; commercial real estate also developed rapidly，and housing prices also began to soar; Shenzhen Urban Planning Bureau was set up separately to focus on their professional, that was a prime time for innovative management of urban planning. the ecological control line was historically formulated; UABB, a biennale dedicated to urbanism and architecture was also historically established.

深圳巨变(1999-2009)：创新转型

Shenzhen Boom(1999-2009): Innovative Industry

第四个十年主要评估深圳城市更新。

In the fourth decade, I mainly evaluated the urban renewal of Shenzhen.

岗厦村 Gangxia Village

从岗厦村原结构、不同城市更新方案及实施后结果，比较空间由小而丰富向大而单一的变化。

From the original structure of Gangxia Village, different urban renewal plans and the results after implementation, the comparison of the space changes from small and rich to large and single.

香港大学一位研究者描绘原岗厦村丰富的迷你空间与生活，与规划方案及实施效果进行比较。

A researcher from Hong Kong University described the rich mini-space and life in Gangxia Village and compared it with the planning scheme and implementation effect.

不同大小范围内，城中村的空间丰富性与城市更新空间的单调性对比，使得这位研究者得出城市更新所进行的空间尺度扩张并没有激发城市的复杂性。

The contrast between the spatial richness of urban villages and the monotonicity of urban renewal space in different size ranges led this researcher to conclude that the spatial scale expansion of urban renewal did not stimulate the complexity of the city.

深圳岗厦村更新前后空间尺度对比（2011，文凡 ）

Spatial Comparison Before/After Urban Renewal of Gangsha Village  （2011, Wen Fan）

几个典型的深圳城中村城市更新表明，村民资产前后都有7倍甚至更高的增长。

The urban renewal of several typical urban villages in Shenzhen shows that the assets of villagers have increased by 7 times or more.

城市更新中，产权人和开发商都有巨大收益。城市获得税收同时，也要增加交通基础设施投入。市民和新移民的生活成本会连带提高。原来租户可能是利益受到最大忽视和损害的，他们必须搬迁到更偏远地方，通勤和其它成本因此增加。

In urban renewal, property owners and developers have huge benefits. At the same time that the city receives taxes, it must also increase investment in transportation infrastructure. The cost of living of citizens and new immigrants will increase. It turns out that tenants may be the most neglected and harmed. They must relocate to more remote places, the commuting and other costs increase.

城市更新所拆除的历史，对深圳来说是异常珍贵的，比如湖贝村城市更新一开始忽视在深圳中心城区唯一保留完整的500年老村落结构。

The history demolished by urban renewal is extremely precious to Shenzhen. For example, the urban renewal of Hubei Village initially ignored the only 500-year-old village structure remaining intact in the downtown area of Shenzhen.

华润公司对外宣传的湖贝更新方案，设计：华阳公司

Hubei renewal scheme publicized by China Resources:，designed by Huayang company

深圳专业者自发动员起来，为保留完整老村落和深圳历史而出谋划策。

Shenzhen professionals mobilized spontaneously to make suggestions for preserving the integrity of the old village and the history of Shenzhen.

湖贝古村120工作坊：深圳专业圈的自发行动

120 professional workshops in Gubei village, Shenzhen

我和一些研究者通过比较方案证明，不减少开发量情况下，也能完整保留旧村落。

Some researchers and I have proved by comparing plans that the old villages can be preserved intact without reducing the amount of development.

经过三年的不断博弈，最终开发商也调整出能完整保留村落的城市更新方案，有了可喜进步。但是居住在此多年的住户以及他们开展的生意，都不得不搬走了。这些社会影响基本被忽视了。

After three years of continuous gaming, the developer finally adjusted an urban renewal plan that could completely preserve the village, and made gratifying progress. But the residents who have lived here for many years and the businesses they have had to move out. These social impacts have basically been ignored.

这是号称城市更新航空母舰的白石洲村。

This is Baishizhou Village, known as the urban renewal aircraft carrier.

白石洲村

Baishizhou Village

2019年当几万名租户被限期1个月内要搬离时，才发现他们上千名子女在新的地方因为居住时间不满一年，无法入读新的学校。

In 2019, when the tenants were required to move out within one month, it was discovered that thousands of their children could not enter the new school because they had lived in the new place for less than one year.

这些城市更新带来的社会冲击，引发广泛的焦虑。艺术家通过他们的行为艺术作品，表达了对上学受影响的孩子的关注。

The social impact brought about by these urban renewals has caused widespread anxiety. Through their performance art works, artists express their concern for children affected by urban renewal.

《深圳娃娃》 坚果兄弟

'Shenzhen Kids' 

从生态维度看城市更新，最震撼的案例是2015年底发生的光明余泥收纳场的大滑坡事件，225万立方的渣土突然倾泻出来，埋住了相邻的工业区。这些土方有将近30%来自于各种城市更新的建筑垃圾，还有48%来自建设项目的土方开挖。

Looking at urban renewal from an ecological perspective, the most shocking case is the large landslide incident at the Guangming Remaining Mud Storage Yard at the end of 2015. 2.25 million cubic meters of muck suddenly poured out and buried the adjacent industrial area. Nearly 30% of this earthwork comes from various urban renewal construction waste, and 48% comes from earthwork excavation for construction projects.

从治理角度看，政府规划部门也在改变对城市更新的看法，新的规划限制拆除式城市更新，提倡综合整治。

From the perspective of governance, the government planning departments are also changing their views on urban renewal. The new plan restricts torn down urban renewal and advocates comprehensive renovation.

第四个十年，深圳官方发布的大事记中，治理和经济内容比例显得更加突出，生态、历史维度的内容非常少。

In the fourth decade, in the memorabilia officially released by Shenzhen, the proportion of governance and economic content appears to be more prominent, with very little content in ecological and historical dimensions.

在这最近的十年中，深圳经济继续快速发展，而房价更是飞涨到难以想象的程度；从空间维度看，越来越多同质化和士绅化的城市更新项目；有些历史遗产幸运得以保留，更多在消失中；土方生态灾难也没有改变既有的开发模式；社会维度看，除了住房焦虑，还有普遍的学位焦虑，也促使更多专业人士参与进来应对挑战；而从治理角度看，虽然城市设计受到高度重视和投入，但各种宏大的城市设计竞赛的成效还是有待提高。

In the last ten years, Shenzhen’s economy has continued to develop rapidly, and housing prices have soared to the point where it is hard to stop; from the perspective of space, there are more and more homogeneous and gentrified urban renewal projects; some historical heritages are lucky preserved, and more are disappearing; the earthwork ecological disaster has not changed the existing development model; from a social perspective, in addition to housing anxiety, general enrollment quota anxiety also prompts more professionals to participate in the challenge; and from the perspective of governance, Although urban design is highly valued and invested, the effectiveness of various grand urban design competitions still needs to be improved.

深圳巨变(2010-2020)：城市更新与整治升级

Shenzhen Boom(2010-2020): Urban Renewal & Upgrading

最后把每个十年的深圳六维评估放一起，可以看到4个十年里深圳各个维度和更细的因子的变化。虽然这是个人化的认知和判断，但未来＋为此研发的六维评估小程序可以让每个人都参与按个人感性来评估，将很多人的评估结果统计叠加则可以得到一个量化的趋势。从这些系统反映深圳各个维度发展趋势的图形中，每个人可以有自己的研读和判断。

Finally, putting together the six-dimensional assessment of Shenzhen in each ten years, we can see the changes in various dimensions and more detailed factors in Shenzhen in the four decades. Although this is a personal cognition and judgment, the 6-Dimensional Assessment applet developed by FuturePlus Academy for this purpose can allow everyone to participate in the evaluation based on personal sensibility, and the statistical superposition of the evaluation results of many people can get a quantitative trend. From these systems that reflect the development trends of Shenzhen in various dimensions, everyone can have their own study and judgment.

随着深圳取得的成就越来越大，深圳传奇也越来越热。深圳是可复制的吗？如果说深圳创办的天时（时代性）地利（地理位置）人和（政策与人口构成）是无法复制的，摸着石头过河的深圳也没有什么系统理论和宏伟计划（事实上计划总是落后于现实）的指导，那么深圳可以提供的启示是什么呢？

As Shenzhen's achievements become greater and greater, Shenzhen Legend is also getting hotter. Is Shenzhen reproducible? If it is said that Shenzhen’s established timeliness (times), geographical advantages (geographical location) and humanity (policies and population composition) cannot be replicated, Shenzhen, which crosses the river by feeling the stones, does not have any systematic theories and grand plans (in fact, plans are always slower than the reality), what enlightenment Shenzhen can provide?

我认为深圳最重要的经验或启示，是曾经一时地解放了国人思想、松绑了国人身上的各种政策条规的束缚，由此释放了国人自身在经济全球化和新自由主义环境下的适应性和创造力，并“杀出一条血路来”（邓小平语）。这几年深圳频频等待中央给定位给礼包，说明深圳人的观念和某些束缚还解放得不够彻底。

I think Shenzhen’s most important experience or enlightenment is that it once liberated the people’s minds and loosened the constraints of various policies and regulations on the people, thus releasing the people’s own adaptability and creativity under the environment of economic globalisation and neoliberalism. And  "break a bloody road" (Deng Xiaoping). In recent years, Shenzhen has frequently waited for the central government to provide new title and gift packages, which shows that the ideas and constraints of Shenzhen people have not been fully liberated.

因此我把深圳实践看做是生产方法论的过程。以深圳做为方法，我们未来＋学院研究甚至是研发着一些面对城市痛点问题的策略和工具，正在建构一个营造未来城市的科学方法与科技工具系列。本篇应用的六维评估是其中一个，未来+会陆续分享这些从深圳实践中发展出来的各种创新办法和工具。

So I regard Shenzhen practice as a process of production methodology. Taking Shenzhen as the method, the FuturePlus Academy is currently researching and developing a series of new scientific methods and technological tools for creating future habitation in the face of urban pain points. The six dimensional assessment applied in this article is one of them. FuturePlus will share these innovative methods and tools developed from the practice in Shenzhen.

编辑：钱梓涵

未来 + 学院  是一所面向中国城乡问题，融研究、教学与实践于一体的非正规学院。学院应用批判思维、设计思维和系统思维，探索村城营造——一种适用乡村与城市的规划建设方法，系统提升城乡品质。未来＋在创新教育同时，还以“空间智库”方式介入实践，以“栖居实验室”负责研发。目前研发产品和工具包括六维资源／影响评估、六维城市互动智能模型、六维村城营造课程。未来 + 学院学员对象主要为愿意摆脱惯性思维和路径依赖、致力于提升栖居品质的人，包括学生、专业者、管理者和爱好者。